LaTeX is a tool for typesetting profesisonal-looking documents.
In the LaTeX documents, the percent sign is used for commenting in the documents. In this tutorial, I will put a comment explaining one line below.
See the below code for the first LaTeX document.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
This is the first document prepared using \LaTeX.
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
Write this in a file so called firstLatexDocument.tex, save and exit. Then run the following command to execute the code.
pdflatex firstLatexDocument.tex
Three files will be made by LaTeX when you compile the document.
1. firstLatexDocument.pdf
1. firstLatexDocument.aux
1. firstLatexDocument.log
You can open the PDF file by evince firstLatexDocument.pdf.
The auxiliary file and log file contain information about your documents, such as, the files loaded, error messages, warnings, general information messages, references-related information and etc. You can delete these files, but LaTeX will create them again when you compile the code next time. The auxiliary file also needed for references. Hence if you remove it, you will need to compile the document two times next time. One is for making the file, second one is for using that file to reference correctly. We will see it in the following parts of this tutorial.
The package geometry can be used to set the paper size to,
* a4paper ( $210\times297~\mathrm{mm^2}$ ),
* a5paper ( $148\times210~\mathrm{mm^2}$ ),
* b5paper ( $250\times176~\mathrm{mm^2}$ ),
* letterpaper ( $215.9\times279.4~\mathrm{mm^2}$ ),
* legalpaper ( $215.9\times355.6~\mathrm{mm^2}$ )...
Landscape or portrait modes, and margins can also be set with the same package. See the example below.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, portrait, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
This is the first document prepared using \LaTeX.
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
Italic, bold and underlined texts can be written in LaTeX as shown below.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Import font package
\usepackage{fontenc}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
This line uncludes \textit{italic text}, \textbf{bold text} and \underline{underlined text}. Some \texttt{commands of terminal} and \textsc{Small Caps} can also be expressed in \LaTeX.
\textbf{These \texttt{can also} be \underline{used} \textit{together}}.
\end{document}
The default font in LaTeX is Computer Modern Roman. It can be changed using fontenc package as shown below.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, portrait, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Import font package
\usepackage{fontenc}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
This line is written using the default font of \LaTeX. The default font is ``Computer Modern Roman.''
{\fontfamily{ptm}\selectfont
This line is written using ``Times'' font using the short name of it ``ptm.''
}
{\fontfamily{pcr}\selectfont
This line is written using ``Courier'' font using the short name of it ``pcr.''
}
{\fontfamily{phv}\selectfont
This line is written using ``Helvetica'' font using the short name of it ``phv.''
}
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
The font sizes can be used in LaTeX are listed below.
\tiny,\scriptsize,\footnotesize,\small,\normalsize,\large,\Large,\LARGE,\huge,\Huge.For example see the document below.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, portrait, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Import font package
\usepackage{fontenc}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
\scriptsize A script size is this.
\normalsize A normal size is this.
\Large A Large size is this.
\LARGE A LARGE size is this.
\huge A huge size is this.
\footnotesize This \Large sentence is \small written in \tiny various sizes.
This \Huge is \large another \LARGE example.
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
Title, author and date can be added into the LaTeX documents.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, portrait, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Import font package
\usepackage{fontenc}
% Add title, author and date
\title{The First \LaTeX{} Document}
\author{Levent Aydinbakar}
\date{December 2022}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
% Write title, author and date
\maketitle
This document includes a title, author and date.
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
With that purpose, we can use some packages (lots of them exists on the internet) or we can just use different font sizes, bold characters and \centering, \vspace, \hscpase, \newpage, and \newline as shown below.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, portrait, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Import font package
\usepackage{fontenc}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
\begin{titlepage}
\vfill\null
\centering
\vspace{2cm}
{\Huge \textbf{The First \LaTeX{} Document}}
\vspace{2cm}
\huge Levent Aydinbakar \hspace{2cm} Ismail Hos
\vspace{2cm}
\LARGE Computer Programming Course \\
\LARGE Department of Mechanical Engineering \\
\LARGE Bursa Technical University
\vfill
\begin{abstract}
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
There is an abstract paragraph here.
\end{abstract}
\vspace{3cm}
\large \today
\end{titlepage}
This document includes a title page.
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
Lists can be made in LaTeX as shown below.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, portrait, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Import font package
\usepackage{fontenc}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
\begin{itemize}
\item This is an item.
\item This is another item.
\end{itemize}
\vspace{2cm}
\begin{enumerate}
\item This is an ordered item.
\item This is another ordered item.
\end{enumerate}
\vspace{2cm}
\begin{itemize}
\item This is a primary item.
\begin{itemize}
\item This is a secondary item.
\begin{itemize}
\item This is a third level item.
\item This is another third level item.
\end{itemize}
\item This is another secondary item.
\end{itemize}
\item This is another primary item.
\end{itemize}
\vspace{2cm}
\begin{enumerate}
\item This is a primary ordered item.
\begin{enumerate}
\item This is a secondary ordered item.
\begin{enumerate}
\item This is a third level ordered item.
\item This is another third level ordered item.
\end{enumerate}
\item This is another secondary ordered item.
\end{enumerate}
\item This is another primary ordered item.
\end{enumerate}
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
To write an equation in a sentence we can use $equation$ form.
One of the best options for writing equations in LaTeX is use of \begin{align}...\end{align}.
By doing this we can align multiple equations. See the examples below.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, portrait, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Import font package
\usepackage{fontenc}
% Set title
\title{Derivation of the \\ Residual-Based Variational Multiscale \\ Formulation}
\author{Levent Aydinbakar}
\date{\today}
% Import math package for align
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{align}
x&=2, \\
y&=3, \\
z&=4, \\
x+y+z&=9.
\end{align}
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
See the example below to write more complex equations in LaTeX.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, portrait, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Import font package
\usepackage{fontenc}
% Set title
\title{The Navier--Stokes Equations of \\ Incompressible Flows}
\author{Levent Aydinbakar}
\date{\today}
% Import math package for align
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
\maketitle
The Navier--Stokes equations are the fluid mechanics governing equations. Those of incompressible flows can be written as follows:
~
\begin{align}
\rho
\left(
\dfrac{
\partial
\mathbf{u}
}
{
\partial
t
}
+
\mathbf{u}
\cdot
\pmb\nabla
\mathbf{u}
-
\mathbf{f}
\right)
-
\pmb\nabla
\cdot
\pmb\sigma
=&
\mathbf{0},
\\
\pmb\nabla
\cdot
\mathbf{u}
=&
0.
\end{align}
Equations above are also called
the linear momentum conservation and the mass balance (continuity) equations.
Here,
$\rho$ is the density,
$\mathbf{u}$ is the velocity,
$t$ is the time,
$\mathbf{f}$ is the external force and
$\pmb\sigma$ is the Cauchy stress tensor defined by
$$
\pmb\sigma = -p\mathbf{I} + 2\mu\pmb\varepsilon,
$$
where $p$, $\mathbf{I}$ and $\pmb\varepsilon$ are the pressure, identity tensor and strain-rate tensor which is formulated as shown below.
\begin{equation}
\pmb\varepsilon = 0.5(\pmb\nabla \mathbf{u} + \pmb\nabla \mathbf{u}^\intercal).
\end{equation}
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
Some other useful commands are listed below.
| Explanation | Command | Sign |
|---|---|---|
| Vectors in math | \mathbf{u} |
$\mathbf{u}$ |
| Normal characters in math | \mathrm{d} |
$\mathrm{d}$ |
| Subscripts and super scripts | a^x and a_x |
$a^x$ and $a_x$ |
| Integral | \int |
$\int$ |
| Sum | \sum |
$\sum$ |
| Integral with limits | \int_\Omega |
$\int_\Omega$ |
| Multiplication | \cdot, \times, \otimes |
$\cdot$, $\times$, $\otimes$ |
| Inline division | \frac{a}{b} |
$\frac{a}{b}$ |
| In eqautions division | \dfrac{a}{b} |
$\dfrac{a}{b}$ |
| Fully covering parantheses | \left( \dfrac{a}{b} \right) |
$\left( \dfrac{a}{b} \right)$ |
| Fully covering brackets | \left\[ \dfrac{a}{b} \right\] |
$\left[ \dfrac{a}{b} \right]$ |
| Partial sign | \partial |
$\partial$ |
| Stress tensor | \pmb\sigma |
$\pmb\sigma$ |
| Strain tensor | \pmb\varepsilon |
$\pmb\varepsilon$ |
| Nabla operator | \pmb\nabla |
$\pmb\nabla$ |
For the other commands see here.
We can add titles and easily divide our document into sections as follows:
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, portrait, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Set title
\title{Sections and Subsections}
\author{Levent Aydinbakar}
\date{\today}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\section{The First Part}
This is the first part.
\subsection{The first sub-part}
This is the first sub-part of the first part.
\subsection{The second sub-part}
This is the second sub-part of the first part.
\section{The Second Part}
This is the second part.
\section{The Third Part}
This is the third part.
\subsection{The first sub-part}
This is the first sub-part of the third part.
\subsubsection{The first sub-sub-part}
This is the first sub-sub-part of the first sub-part of the third part.
\subsubsection{The first sub-sub-part}
This is the second sub-sub-part of the first sub-part of the third part.
\subsection{The second sub-part}
This is the second sub-part of the third part.
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
To insert images into a document we can use graphicx package and \includegraphics function.
We can either use a PNG or a PDF figure to insert. Copy the population.pdf file you made last week into a folder so called 'figures'.
mkdir figures
cp -r ../Lecture10/population.pdf figures/
If you do not have that image, you can use this Gnuplot script and this text file to make it.
Then write the LaTeX code given below.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, portrait, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Set title
\title{Insert Images in \LaTeX{}}
\author{Levent Aydinbakar}
\date{\today}
% Insert images
\usepackage{graphicx}
\graphicspath{{figures/}}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
\maketitle
This document includes a figure.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics{population.pdf}
\end{figure}
Figure above shows the population change by years in three different countries.
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
To resize the figure, relocate it, to write a caption and to make it centered we can use some additional settings as given below.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, portrait, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Set title
\title{Arrange Inserted Images in \LaTeX{}}
\author{Levent Aydinbakar}
\date{\today}
% Insert images
\usepackage{graphicx}
\graphicspath{{figures/}}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
\maketitle
This document includes a figure.
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=5in]{population.pdf}
\caption{Population change in time in Turkiye, Germany and the United Kingdom}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
Figure above shows the population change by years in three different countries.
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
We can add tables in LaTeX as shown below.
Please see this webpage for details.
We can add labels in equations, figures, sections and subsections in LaTeX and we can refer in those labels during the document. See the example below.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, portrait, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Set title
\title{Labels and Cross-Referencing in \LaTeX{}}
\author{Levent Aydinbakar}
\date{\today}
% Import math package for align
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
% Insert images
\usepackage{graphicx}
\graphicspath{{figures/}}
% Clickable links
\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\section{The First Section}
\label{sec:firstSection}
This document includes a figure. Figure~\ref{fig:population} is given in Section~\ref{subsec:figurePart}.
This document also includes some equations. Equation~(\ref{eq:Newton}) and Equations~(\ref{eq:linMom})~and~(\ref{eq:continuity}) are given in Section~\ref{subsec:equationsPart}.
\subsection{Figure part}
\label{subsec:figurePart}
Here a figure is inserted.
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=5in]{population.pdf}
\caption{Population change in time in Turkiye, Germany and the United Kingdom}
\label{fig:population}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
Figure~\ref{fig:population} shows the population change by years in three different countries.
\subsection{Equations part}
\label{subsec:equationsPart}
Newton's Second Law is given as follows:
\begin{align}
\mathbf{F} = m \mathbf{a}.
\label{eq:Newton}
\end{align}
Equation~(\ref{eq:Newton}) is also called the momentum equation.
With some arrangements,
the linear momentum conservation equation given in Equation~(\ref{eq:linMom}) is obtained for incompressible flows.
\begin{align}
\rho
\left( \dfrac{\partial \mathbf{u}}{\partial t}
+
\mathbf{u} \cdot \pmb\nabla \mathbf{u} - \mathbf{f} \right)
-
\pmb\nabla \cdot \pmb\sigma = \mathbf{0},
\label{eq:linMom}
\end{align}
The continuity equation is written as follows:
\begin{align}
\pmb\nabla \cdot \mathbf{u} = 0.
\label{eq:continuity}
\end{align}
Equations~(\ref{eq:linMom}--\ref{eq:continuity}) together is socalled the Navier--Stokes equations.
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
We can use the same document to list the contents and figures at the beginning automatically.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, portrait, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Set title
\title{Labels and Cross-Referencing in \LaTeX{}}
\author{Levent Aydinbakar}
\date{\today}
% Import math package for align
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
% Insert images
\usepackage{graphicx}
\graphicspath{{figures/}}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\listoffigures
\section{The First Section}
\label{sec:firstSection}
This document includes a figure. Figure~\ref{fig:population} is given in Section~\ref{subsec:figurePart}.
This document also includes some equations. Equation~(\ref{eq:Newton}) and Equations~(\ref{eq:linMom})~and~(\ref{eq:continuity}) are given in Section~\ref{subsec:equationsPart}.
\subsection{Figure part}
\label{subsec:figurePart}
Here a figure is inserted.
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=5in]{population.pdf}
\caption{Population change in time in Turkiye, Germany and the United Kingdom}
\label{fig:population}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
Figure~\ref{fig:population} shows the population change by years in three different countries.
\subsection{Equations part}
\label{subsec:equationsPart}
Newton's Second Law is given as follows:
\begin{align}
\mathbf{F} = m \mathbf{a}.
\label{eq:Newton}
\end{align}
Equation~(\ref{eq:Newton}) is also called the momentum equation.
With some arrangements,
the linear momentum conservation equation given in Equation~(\ref{eq:linMom}) is obtained for incompressible flows.
\begin{align}
\rho
\left( \dfrac{\partial \mathbf{u}}{\partial t}
+
\mathbf{u} \cdot \pmb\nabla \mathbf{u} - \mathbf{f} \right)
-
\pmb\nabla \cdot \pmb\sigma = \mathbf{0},
\label{eq:linMom}
\end{align}
The continuity equation is written as follows:
\begin{align}
\pmb\nabla \cdot \mathbf{u} = 0.
\label{eq:continuity}
\end{align}
Equations~(\ref{eq:linMom}--\ref{eq:continuity}) together is socalled the Navier--Stokes equations.
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
Citing a study in our documents is easy in LaTeX.
To cite a document we need a file ref.bib for example and we need to execute that file.
An example .bib file is as follows:
@article{aydinbakar21,
title={Space--time VMS isogeometric analysis of the Taylor--Couette flow},
author={Aydinbakar, Levent and Takizawa, Kenji and Tezduyar, Tayfun E and Kuraishi, Takashi},
journal={Computational Mechanics},
volume={67},
number={5},
pages={1515--1541},
year={2021},
publisher={Springer}
}
@article{otoguro19,
title={Turbocharger turbine and exhaust manifold flow computation with the space--time variational multiscale method and isogeometric analysis},
author={Otoguro, Yuto and Takizawa, Kenji and Tezduyar, Tayfun E and Nagaoka, Kenichiro and Mei, Sen},
journal={Computers \& Fluids},
volume={179},
pages={764--776},
year={2019},
publisher={Elsevier}
}
@article{aydinbakar21b,
title={U-duct turbulent-flow computation with the ST-VMS method and isogeometric discretization},
author={Aydinbakar, Levent and Takizawa, Kenji and Tezduyar, Tayfun E and Matsuda, Daisaku},
journal={Computational Mechanics},
volume={67},
number={3},
pages={823--843},
year={2021},
publisher={Springer}
}
To execute this file, we first need to run bibtex filename, then run pdflatex filename.
Find how to refer these two studies in a document below.
% Start with
\documentclass{article}
% Set the paper size and margins
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper, portrait, left=20mm, right=20mm, top=30mm, bottom=30mm}
% Set title
\title{Referencing in \LaTeX{}}
\author{Levent Aydinbakar}
\date{\today}
% Import math package for align
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
% Insert images
\usepackage{graphicx}
\graphicspath{{figures/}}
% Insert clickable references
\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
% Begin the document here
\begin{document}
\maketitle
Space--Time Variational Multiscale method is used in \cite{aydinbakar21} on a Taylor--Couette flow computation.
This method is also used in \cite{otoguro19}.
Another similar study is \cite{aydinbakar21b}.
\newpage
%\bibliographystyle{apalike}
%\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliographystyle{unsrt}
\bibliography{ref.bib}
\newpage
Appendices
% The document finishes here
\end{document}
Click here to download an example report. Write this report by yourself. You can find some PNG, PDF and bib files you need to use in this report here.
When you make this study, you need to search how to add tables, how to add list of tables, how to write commands like equations (lstlisting) and how to add appendices by yourself on the internet.